- 1000BC, iron discovered in places like Atranjikheda and Jakhira
- with iron, they created very good quality and sharp tools
- w/ these tools, the dense forest of upper gangetic plains were cleared and Aryans started to practice agriculture on much regular basis
- further penetrated Eastern part of india, Central india and southern india
- East: Purvakhand
- South: Dakshinapanth
- Central: Madhyadesh
- North: Brahmavarta
- North Western Indis: Aryavarta
- Ganga & Yamuna rivers also mentioned in later Vedic texts
- Gandak river referred to as Sadanira and it was often repeated in later Vedic texts