Jagir = land whose LR goes to holder of jagir i.e. Jagirdar.
Khalisa land = royal land & LR from khalisa lands = income of emperor
2 types of Jagirs
Tankha Jagirs - emperor could transfer them from one mansabdar to another (Kingfeels powerful). Given to Mansabdar for payment of salary.
Vatan jagirs - Non-transferable & hereditary Jagirs as given permanently by Emperor (eg to powerful mansabdars). (Vatan means hereditary).
2 types of Mansabdars
Naqdi Mansabdar: got salary in cash. Were less powerful
Tankha jagirdar mansabdar: were given Jagir & got salary from LR from jagir. Were more powerful
From Vatan jagir, 10% of LR given to King as Peshkash/Tribute. (as king gave up right to take away jagir. Therefore, to compensate him & also as symbol of his authority).
Criteria/Basis for becoming mansabdar was lineage/family background.
Every mansabdar had dual rank:
personal rank = Zat
Sawar signified no. of horsemen/army to be maintained by Mansabdar.
Net rank = ZAT + Sawar (* eg 1000 + 1500= 2500)
Emoluments of mansabdar
his personal salary
allowance for maintenance of army as per his sawar.
Hence, Mughal emperor was dependent on Mansabdars for army + LR from a jagir paid for personal salary & for maintaining army for King. (aha so king gets 10% of LR from Vatan Jagir and army from Tankha Jagir)
In Mansabdari system, give & take relationship or a patron client relationship existed b/w emperor & mansabdar. Emperor as patron gave mansab & jagir & in return mansabdar gave loyalty & maintained army. There existed personal loyalty to the King & if in future King couldn’t give desired mansab & jagir then it may lead to disloyalty to King.
corrupt mansabdar will not maintain army as per his sawar
Jagirdar Mansabdar should collect only allowed LR & for this a system of supervision existed so he does not oppress peasants & zamindars
After death of Tankha Jagirdar Mansabdarjagir & wealth from jagir was confiscated i.e. why they spent money lavishly
In Early 18thc - 8000 Mansabdars + 1/5th of LR came from khalisa land while 4/5th from Jagirs
Land Revenue System
Zamindar collected LR & had police duties
In return for their service they kept some % of LR as commission (usually 10%)
ZMNDR had vatan rights of LR collections
ZMNDR not owner of land from which he collected LR. Ryot was owner in practice as he had occupancy rights over land.
ZMNDR also collected abwabs i.e. tribute from ryots. Abwabs were additional demands by State on ZMNDR who passed it on to ryots.
Personal land/estates of ZMNDR were called milkiyat & he paid LR from milkliyat like others
Ryot paid LR as mentioned in Patta (document). Prevented over extraction by ZMNDR.
Intermediary ZMNDR (IZ) collected LR from Primary ZMNDR (PZ) & passed it on to JGDR of State after keeping commission (i.e. LR from Jagir to JGDR & from Khalsa land to state)
Ryot were of 2 kinds
Khudkashts: cultivated a land since long time thus had customary/traditional occupancy rights i.e. could not be removed. Therefore, these were small land owner cultivators
Pahikashts: cultivated different lands in different seasos, therefore also called Vagrant (Banjara) peasants. Landless & rightless.
Ijardari System
System to enhance LR collection eg for bad harvest, war, greed
Ijardar
not part of traditional rural economy that included ZMNDR & ryots
were men of money eg merchants, moneylenders
right to collect revenue was auctioned off to highest bidder i.e. Ijardar or revenue farmer (temporary revenue collector)
Auction done by State in Khalisa land & by Jagirdar in Jagir
Ijardar paid revenue in advance fully or partially in auction & later recovered it from area along with profits
facts
introduced by Shah Jahan27568
spread rapidly in 1700s
introduced by Jahandar Shah 1213 in Punjab & Begnal
also in Awadh & Hyderabad
Farukhsiyar 1319 introduced it even in Khalisa lands
Warren Hastings 7385 introduced it as Farming System 1772 in Bengal