Background
- Charter Act 1813 mandated 1LPA on education
Reasons
- White Man’s Burden can be fulfilled
- decreased cost of administration by having educated Indians in lower bureaucracy
- anti corruption measure: education indians against EIC corruption
- brown sahib for pol. stability
- create export market for western products
- mid class wanted job they supported
- later when they didn’t actually get jobs, they used western ideas of democracy against British colonialism
Reformers
David Hare
- philanthropist in Bengal who was a matchmaker 👫
- champion of eng edu in eng lang
- set up many schools all across india for western edu
- 1817: set up Hindu College, Calcutta (now Presidency College)
- also set up Hindu School & Hare School
- 1817: set up Calcutta School Book Society w/ Radhakanta Deb
- this org set up many schools for elementary edu & printed textbooks in eng & bengali
- worked with Raja Ram Mohan Roy
William Jones
- orientalist judge of SC
- scholar of literature - indian, persian, greek, roman
- Sanskrit lit EU lit
- with Warren Hastings, led eng codification of Hindu & Islamic laws
- set up Asiatic Society of Bengal for Oriental Research 1784
John Malcom (GBo 1827-30)
- pushed for western education
Charles Metcafe (GGIn 1835-36)
- liberation of press
- evangelist & liberal in CoD of EIC
Macaulay’s Minutes on Indian Education 1835
Suggestions
Introduce western syllabus in India in English language
- result of efforts of RRR, Bentick, Macaulay
- main policy document on edu
- western edu in english
- downward filtration theory
- to create brown sahib + export market
- 1844: knowledge of eng compulsory for govt jobs
- 1847: Roorkee engg clg set up
- 1849: Bethune School for women set up by JE Drinkwater
- he was prez of council of edu
- also brought female edu under grants in aid
Woods Dispatch 1854
- was against downward filtration theory
- Goal to have army of clerks for
- less costly admin
- export market
- pol. stability
- western culture, moral development
- educate masses, not just elite
- slowly transition to english, not sudden
- primary: vernacular
- high school: eng + vernacular
- college: english
- edu dept @ provinces
- univs in M, B, C
- female edu
- but it didn’t actually improve (high fee, stereotypes)
- mass edu failed
Chronology
- Bankim - Anandmath - Bharat Mata (first calcutta uni grad)
- 1870: edu subject to provinces (but low budget)
- 1882: edu made free enterprise
- higher edu grew rapidly
- 1870: govt decreased funding for higher edu in Bengal
- reason: INMtodo
- Curzon 9905: “Univ are factories of sedition”
Indian Uni Act 1904
- after Raleigh Commission
- univs under control, less PhD, shorter tenure
- appt by govt
- no autonomy to univs
- stricter conditions for affiliation
- spend 5LPA on edu
Impact
- 1921: 8% literacy, 2% female literacy
- no mass infra for edu
- vernacular edu suffered
- costly edu
- upper caste - British nexus
- reason, logic, rationality led to social reforms
- led to INM
- culture of public debate spread
- press popularized
- passion for science scientific societies set up
- western science discussed in press