Phase of Active Aggression (1947-2001)
- 1947: First India Pak War
- occupied by Pak (Gilgit, Baltistan)
- emergence of Kashmir issue post independence
- signing of Instrument of Accession
- 1965: Operation of Gibraltar and subsequent signing of Tashkent Agreement
- Haji Pir won by Indian Army, but given back to Pak under Tashkent Agreement
- first act of fatal miscalculation
- majority infiltration happens through this pass
- Haji Pir won by Indian Army, but given back to Pak under Tashkent Agreement
- 1971: Bangladesh Liberation War
- Simla Agreement 1972
- LoC formalized in Simla Agreement
- NJ9842
- Prisoners of war returned by India under agreement
- Simla Agreement 1972
- 1985: Operation Meghdoot
- Indian Army captured the Siachen Glacier
- Infiltration of militants in J&K region which fuelled insurgency in valley
Phase of Reconciliation
- 1999: Lahore Declaration
- Delhi-Lahore bus service
- Vajpayee principle of
- Insaniyat (Humanism)
- Jamhooriyat (Democracy)
- Kashmiriyat (Kashmir’s legacy)
- 2008: TAPI Gas Pipeline Project
- 2008: Mumbai Attack
- we realized imptance of Maritime Security
Phase of Passive Bilateralism
- introduced w/ regime change in India
- relations w/ its immediate neighbors through initiatives like connectivity, economic cooperation & people to people exchange
- Saree & Shawl Diplomacy by Modi-Sharif 🥻
- earlier too, these kinds of goodwill gestures happened between two countries in form of exchange of mangoes between indian PM Indira Gandhi and Pak PM Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto (Mango Diplomacy)
Gujral Doctrine
- by former PM IK Gujral
- importance of unilateral accommodation for establishing friendly relations w/ India’s neighborhood
- friendly relations w/ neighboring country involve line of credit or loans/aid to small sovereign state (SSS) w/o element of reciprocity
- also professes non interference by india in internal affairs of SSS
- india should establish trust within itself & b/w the neighboring 4 countries
Phase of Renewed Aggression (2015+)
- 2015: Gurdaspur Terror Attack
- 2015: China Pakistan Economic Corridor
- passing through our area of Gilgit Baltistan
- part of China’s One Belt One Road (OBOR) or Belt & Road Forum (BRF)
- 2016: Pathankot Attack, Uri Attack
- 2017: Amarnath Yatra Terror Attacks
- 2019: Pulwama Attack (Balakot Air Strike)
- India also took several economic measures eg
- revoked Pakistan’s MFN status
- increased customs duty by 200% on Pakistani imports
- suspended trade ties
- Pak later suspended trade ties w/ india
- India also took several economic measures eg
- Oct 2019: Abrogation of Article 370
- Feb 2021: India Pak joint statement regarding observing 2003 ceasefire along LOC
- Aug 2022: India called on Pak to stop its discriminatory approach towards minorities
- Apr 2022: Shahbaz Sharif became new PM
- 14th Aug 2023: Anwaar-ul-Haq Kakar, a senator from Baluchistan took over as care taker PM.
PYQ
- Terrorist activities and mutual distrust have clouded India – Pakistan relations. To what extent the use of soft power like sports and cultural exchange could help generate goodwill between the two countries? Discuss with suitable examples. (2015)