Monarchs of England at the time of IR start & end
- George-III (started)
- William-IV (end of IR)
Why England?
1. Political Factors
- powerful, welfare oriented monarchs
- stable Parliamentary system
- Constitutional Monarchy
- peace & order
- colonial policies & possessions
2. Geographical Factors
- relative isolation
- not disturbed by ongoing wars in Europe
- developed flourishing shipping industry
- favourable strategic location
- Water power
- powered all the machines / steam power
- navigation to other parts of world
- Conducive climate & weather (for growing cotton textiles)
- cotton threads need specific amount of humidity
- weather was not suited for cultivating raw cotton
- as imported from India
3. Economic Factors
- Natural resources (coal & iron ore)
- development of iron machines
- Mercantile Policies (wealth accumulation) refer: Mercantilism
- Strong navy with strong shipping industry
- Factory system ➡️ Industrial Capitalism
- Modern economic system & financial institutions
- due to excessive accumulation of wealth; regulation needed
- banks established in 1694
- Debt market / share market present
- trade promoted further
- loans provided to new businesses
- Land-Labour-Capital
4. Socio-Cultural Factors
- business acumen
- protestant christians
- less orthodox; rational people
- promotion of modern education
- sci&tech development