- “Swa” = people, “Raj = rule
- implies control of nation over the State
- policy/rule means domestic and external policies and their implementation
- issue of sovereignty + (defence, foreign affairs, communication) and domestic route (i.e. other subjects of 7th Schedule of CoI)
- Poorna Swaraj: absolute control of nation all sovereign functions & sovereignty
- = INC goal (Lahore, 1929+)
- Swaraj: swaraj within brit empire
- = INC goal (1906-29)
- domination of legis by directly elected indians
- universal adult franchise
- most ministers indian
- responsible govt
- domination of civil services by indians
- Dominion Status
- max swaraj possible w/o leaving Brit empire
- implies total control over domestic rule
- paramountcy = dominion status - democracy
- goal of INC b/w 1928-29
- Limited self govt
- partnership w/ india in domestic rule
- INC goal b/w 1885-1906
- Indian Council Act 1909 brought limited self govt
- more power was given to legis and majority of elected members and some indian ministers, along with indianization of civil services
- 1947 - India got Dominion status
- 26 January 1950 - Poorna Swaraj legally
- Common man doesn’t become MP/minister
- the meaning of swaraj for him was defined my MK Gandhi, Bhagat Singh
- broadly =
- meeting class interests of all sections
- removal of economic oppression for poor
- security from oppression for lower castes & women
- i.e. presence of welfare state
- minimum wage
- social security
- land redistribution
- social justice
- Fundamental Rights
- Directive Principles of State Policy
- eco, social & psychological security for common man
- eco & pol power to ppl. eg.
- MK Gandhi’s stateless soc with powerful panchayat
- Bhagat Singh’s economy’s control to workers & Ryots
Growth of Democracy
(in order of better democratic measures)
- ICA 1861
- ICA 1892
- ICA 1909
- GoI 1919
- GoI 1935