- unresolved border issues
- limited economic engagements
- reduced people to people contacts increased trust deficits
- unresolved social issues: drug trafficking, illegal migrations, fishermen issues
- arms race
- defence expenditure
- low socio-economic development
- limited engagement provides china w/ opportunity to create access to Pakistan challenging India
- led to limited regional interactions, dysfunctionality of SAARC, non working of SAFTA