Problems in Integrating Princely States

BhoTMaJo (Bhopal, Travancore, Manipur, Jodhpur): signed IoA late, but before 15th aug
HJJ (Hyderabad, Junagargh, JK): signed IoA late, but before 15 aug
Pak was luring princes w/ blank cheques of autonomy & other privileges esp. of border states

Majority population Hindu who wanted to be part of secular India while ruler was Muslim (Habibullah) who resisted signing IoA
saw pressure by Patel and communists led to signing IoA & MA

Prince $=$ Maharaj Thirunal, but real power centre CP Ramaswamy Ayer
Ayer $=$ Travancore would follow American model of voluntary union & therefore won’t sign IoA
since Oct 1946, Punappara Vayalar Movement w/ method of armed struggle by peasants and workers for their class rights & uniting India
- slogan: Go into the Arabian Sea with American Model
- violently repressed
18th June 1947: negotiations failed & Travancore declared Independence
25th July 1947: attack on life of Ayer who fled away; then Travancore signed IoA, MA
$∴$ role of state people & Patel’s threat of anarchy

11 Aug 1947: Maharaja Bodhchandra signed IoA on assurance of autonomy in subjects other than 3 subjects of IoA
June 1948: first elections in independent india in Manipur as public pressure led to constitutional monarchy w/ popular LA
Sept 1949: Maharaja & GG signed MA but w/o consulting popular LA
SPC (State People Congress) favored signing MA but other parties did not which contributed to separatist sentiments

largest PS w/ 75% Hindu who wanted integration v/ secular India while ruler was Muslim: Nixaz Mir Osman Ali
real ruler: Qasim Rizvi, advisor to Nizam who along with MIM (pol. party like ML)
- opposed signing IoA
Rizvi was anti hindu radical desperate for independence and posed threat to security of Hindu
rule of Nizam unjust
25% muslims dominated entire administration
12th June 1947: Hyd declared independence
Patel offered autonomy, spl. status & 20k personal troops for Nizam but got rejected
now, a ppl’s mvmt began under leadership of SPC of Hyd w/ peasants, workers, women and students from Telangana region of Hyd
in response, violence by Razakaras (pvt. Army of Nizam)
Nov 1947: standstill agreement b/w Hyd & GoI but violence by Razakar contd.
Sept 1948: finally in Operation Polo/ Caterpillar, the Indian Army entered Hyd
Rizvi was imprisoned until 1957 then he left for Pak
Also, MIM was manned and Nizam was made Governor after he signed IoA & MA

INC not hindu org thus didn’t believe in 2 nation theary
$∴$ believed muslim masses in J&K are indians first who should be in India
also, it was british india that was partitioned on a religioun basis and not 565PS
- $∴$ J&K as part of india is undeniable
IoA made J&K indian territory
$∴$ military action after this was act of defence
further in 1954: the constituent assembly of J&K ratified accession
1947: Indira Sheikh agreement: Sheikh Abdullah called J&K accession permanent & irrevocable

Maharaja Hari Singh: wanted independence
Sheikh Abdullah: popular leader who was anti pakistan, anti monarchy, pro democracy, pro socialism and had good relations w/ Nehru
in 1946, he began Kashmir Choro Andolan against monarchy
Muslims majority, poor ryots, under economic oppression of Hindu zamindar
- $⟹$ demanded land reforms
both India & Pak wanted J&K
Hari Singh offered standstill agreement to India & Pak because he wanted mvmt of ppl & goods in and out of J&K
Pak signed, India did not
Made Pak anxious and it now implied an economic blockade on J&K to pressurize on IoA
Oct 1947: Pashtun from NWFP invaded Kashmir
Hari Sign sought help. India gave condition of signing IoA & making Sheikh Abdullah head of admin
IoA signed, AS became PM
Indian army entered J&K
but before invaders could be pushed back completely, MTB convinced Nehru to take issue to UN
July 1949: Ceasefire Line came to exist after ceasefire under UNSC resolution
- $∴$ PoK came to exist
1951 UNSC Resolution: called for Plebiscite but condition that Pak withdraws from PoK
- no question of plebiscite an Pak never withdrew
1951: CA of J&K met
1954: CA of J&K ratified accession
US & Britain sided w/ Pak in UNSC
$∴$ today india is against third party intervention in bilateral disputes unless mutually agreed upon
India adopted the NAM policy, while Pak aligned with capitalist bloc
eg. Pak joined military alliances like SEATO for SE Asia and Baghdad Pact for the Middle East

small state on Saurashtra coast
majority population Hindus who wanted integration w/ secular india
problem $=$ announced accession to Pakistan and Shahnawaz Bhutto (father of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto)
Shahnawaz joined state govt as PM
a ppl’s mvmt began that forced Nawab to flee
so, now Bhutto requested military help from Pakistan but Jinnah refused as his main focus was J&K and Junagarh just as a bargaining trick
Indian troops entered Junagarh and a plebiscite in 1948 led to its merger w/ India

💜🤍 Mission M