Muslim Politics

• census 1881 $\to$ Muslim $=$ 20% of population

• Low muslim participation in INM

• Bentick removed Persian from course and in 1884 made English compulsory for govt job

  • low utility of middle class jobs for muslim landlords
  • Hunter’s book Indian Musalman was written in 1887 and argued for appeasement of Muslim for political stability
  • muslims demanded special status and acted pro british eg Mohammedan Association 1855 opposed 1857 revolt

• Sir Sayyid Admed Khan

  • gave 2 nation theory
  • Mohammedan Anglo College in 1875 $\to$ goal of creating muslim unity
  • labelled INC as a Hindu organization and his Mohammedan Educational Congress opposed INC

• Post 1885, rise of hindu revivalism alienated muslims

  • Shuddhi Movement and Cow protection Movement of Arya Samaj (Society of Nobles) aggressive after SDS
  • cow killing riots in 1893 not condemned by INC

• $\therefore$ decline of Muslims in INC

  • 1886 rule: won’t pick up social issues

• Hindu Urdu Controversy (1880-1990)

  • now hindi is of Hindu, and urdu of Muslims
  • MM Malviya successfully got official language status of Hindi in UP

• 1897: reservation for muslim in govt jobs (divide and rule)

• 1905: Partition of Bengal Oct 1905 to appease elite muslims

• Hindu symbolism led to fewer muslims in swadeshi movement

• Simpla Deputation 1906: elite muslims met Minto and demanded the following

  • don’t annul partition
  • reservation as per % in population in ILC, PLC, Govt jobs
  • separate electorate
    • i.e. only muslims shall have right to vote in seats reserved for muslims

• Muslim League:

  • goal $\to$
    • secure implementation of Simla Deputation
    • promote Muslim interests
    • promote loyalty to british
  • Constitution of Mohsin - ul - Mulk of Aligarh Mvmt

• Provincial (muslim league) ML established

• 1908: ML launched the London branch