- no police powers to Zamindar
- district = thanas of 30sq miles
- thana under daroga
- daroga under DM
graph TB
A[DM] --> B[Daroga] --> C[Thana]
- result = daroga DM nexus
- police powers given to subordinates of DC
- over concentration of power led to oppression
- revealed in Madras Torture Commission 1885
- refer: Impact of Ryotwari System