Question
INM was a product of colonial policies. Elaborate.
- western higher edu
- political ideas develop in college
- grew after 1857
- modern nationalism grew post 1857 as rise of WEMC
- initially brown saheb, but by 1860s, WEMC began developing criticism of British rule, narratives
- however, uneven growth of western edu led to uneven growth of INM
- early WEMC: upper class Marathi, Bengali, Tamilian of Presidencies
- late WEMC: due to desire to preserve persian and control Ulamas
- Press = main tool in early INM
- by 1875, 400 newspapers with 1.5L readership inter regional awareness, spread of nationalism, national leadership
- 1850+ : railways and telegraph led to interconnectedness b/w ppl & regional leaders
- British racism and Authoritarianism
- Lex Loci Act 1850
- Black Acts 1850
- indian judges in brit cases in the Presidency towns allowed, strongly opposed by Anglo indians and put on hold
- 1868: Income Tax
- put even despite famines in 1860-70s
- 1870s: govt dec expenditure on higher edu in bengal
- but high military expenditure and high taxes continue
- brit racism Cultural Nationalism
- later extremists converted it to political nationalism
- 1893: Ganpati festival
- 1896: Shivaji Festival
Lytton’s Drama
- Statutory Civil Services Act 1878 - lateral entry to loyalists
- The Vernacular Press Act 1878: regulate press
- Arms Act 1878: indians need licence to own arms but not others
- Afghan Adventure during famine refer: Lytton
Ripon’s Drama
- Factories Act 1881: dec child labour; WEMC unhappy
- repealed Vernacular Press Act 1882
- amended Arms Act 1878 (everyone needs licence now)
- local self govt
- Ilbert Bill Controversy 1883-84 refer: Ripon