- Political
- biggest reason
- election - huge expenditure (raised thru corruption)
- public offices used for personal gain
- Economic
- post 1991 LPG economic reform did not see administrative reform
- govt retained absolute monopoly over resource allocation
- crony capitalism
- industrialists joined hands w/ politicians, bureaucrats in unholy nexus
- use proximity to people in power to get control over natural resources
- Socio-cultural
- liberalization materialistic societies
- willing to exploit others for selfish interests
- recognition in society based on success, not goodness
- rapidly changing value system
- more tolerance towards corruption
- Administrative
- we inherited colonial administrative system, whose basic objective was to exploit native indians
- same exploitation continues
- 2nd ARC: 21st-century India is still governed by 19th-century rules and regulations
Important features of these structures include
- absolute state monopoly
- high secrecy
- centralization of power
- huge amt of discretionary powers
- complicated rules & regulations
- complete absence of citizen participation in governance
- total absence of accountability mechanisms